Concept of Education in Islam and Its Objectives Essay

The Arabic language has three terms for education, representing the various dimensions of the educational process as perceived by Islam. The most widely used word for education in a formal sense is ta’lÄ «m, from the root ‘alima (to know, to be aware, to perceive, to learn), which is used to denote knowledge being sought or imparted through instruction and teaching. Tarbiyah, from the root raba (to increase, to grow, to rear), implies a state of spiritual and ethical nurturing in accordance with the will of God. Ta’dÄ «b, from the root aduba (to be cultured, refined, well-mannered), suggests a person’s development of sound social behavior. What is meant by sound requires a deeper understanding of the Islamic conception of the human being. 1) Importance of Education Education in the context of Islam is regarded as a process that involves the complete person, including the rational, spiritual, and social dimensions. As noted by Syed Muhammad al-Naquib al-Attas in 1979, the comprehensive and integrated approach to education in Islam is directed toward the â€Å"balanced growth of the total personality†¦through training Man’s spirit, intellect, rational self, feelings and bodily senses†¦such that faith is infused into the whole of his personality† (p. 158). Educational theory in Islam: In Islam educational theory knowledge is gained in order to actualize and perfect all dimensions of the human being. From an Islamic perspective the highest and most useful model of perfection is the prophet Muhammad, and the goal of Islamic education is that people be able to live as he lived. Syed Hussein Nasr wrote in 1984 that while education does prepare humankind for happiness in this life, â€Å"its ultimate goal is the abode of permanence and all education points to the permanent world of eternity† (p. 7). To ascertain truth by reason alone is restrictive, according to Islam, because spiritual and temporal reality are two sides of the same sphere. Many Muslim educationists argue that favoring reason at the expense of spirituality interferes with balanced growth. Exclusive training of the intellect, for example, is inadequate in developing and refining elements of love,  kindness, compassion, and selflessness, which have an altogether spir itual ambiance and can be engaged only by processes of spiritual training. Education in Islam is twofold: 1. Acquiring intellectual knowledge (through the application of reason and logic) 2. Developing spiritual knowledge (derived from divine revelation and spiritual experience) According to the worldview of Islam, provision in education must be made equally for both. Acquiring knowledge in Islam is not intended as an end but as a means to stimulate a more elevated moral and spiritual consciousness, leading to faith and righteous action. 1. Emphasis on Acquiring Education in Qura’an: In a society where religion and knowledge in general and science in particular do not go hand in hand, it seems necessary to briefly describe the position of Islam vis-à  -vis knowledge, Islam, in theory as well as in practice, has always promoted knowledge. Distinctive mark of human beings over the angels is knowledge: â€Å"And Allah taught Adam all the names†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2:31) The first verses of the Quran began with the word: â€Å"Read. Read in the name of thy Lord who created; [He] created the human being from blood clot. Read in the name of thy Lord who taught by the pen: [He] taught the human being what he did not know.† (96: 1-5). The Qur’an says. â€Å"Are those who have knowledge equal to those who do not have knowledge?!†(39:9). 2. Emphasis on Acquiring Education in Hadith: The Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) has also emphasized the importance of seeking knowledge in different ways: (a) Time: â€Å"Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave.† (b) Place: â€Å"Seek knowledge even if it is far as China.† (c) Gender: â€Å"Seeking of knowledge is a duty of every Muslim† (d) Source: â€Å"Wisdom is the lost property of the believer, he should take it even if finds it in the mouth of a mushrik.† The Prophet did not only preach about importance of knowledge, he also gave examples of promoting knowledge. In the very first battle between the Muslims and unbelievers or Mecca, known as the war of Badr, the Muslims gain victory and caught seventy kuffars as prisoners of war. One of the criteria of releasing the prisoners devised by the Prophet was that those who were literate among the prisoners could go free if they teach ten Muslim children how to read and write. 2) Aims and Objectives of Education in Islam The aim of education in Islam is to produce a good man. What is meant by good in our concept of â€Å"good man†? The fundamental element inherent in the concept of education in Islam is the inculcation of adab (ta‘dib), for it is adab in the all-inclusive sense I mean, as encompassing the spiritual and material life of a man that instills the quality of goodness that is sought after. Education is what the Prophet, Peace be upon him, meant by adab when he said: â€Å"My Lord, educate (addaba) me and make my education (ta`dib) most excellent.† There is a general tendency among Muslims who are aware of the dilemma that is now pressing upon the Community to see its causes as external, as coming from the outside, originating from influences exerted by Western culture and civilization. That its causes are attributed to external elements is of course based upon correct observation, but it is also only partly true. It is true that the Muslim mind is now undergoing profound infiltration of cultural and intellectual elements alien to Islam; but to say that the causes are derived from external sources is only partly true. How has it been possible in the first place for Muslims to succumb to such infiltration to the extent that their predicament has now assumed the proportions of a dilemma? We will at once realize that the external causes referred to are not the only ones responsible for throwing us into a state of general crisis, and we must see that the full truth of our answer to the question lies undeniably in the prevalence of a certain anomaly within our Community; an anomaly that has with increasing persistence plagued our world and our intellectual history, and that has been left uncorrected and unchecked, now to spread like a raging contagion in our midst. Only by our consciousness and recognition and acknowledgement that serious internal causes have infact contributed considerably to our general disarray will we be able to discern the full truth that lies at the core of the dilemma we suffer today. The secular scholars and intellectuals among the Muslims derive their inspiration mainly from the West. Ideologically they belong to the same line of descent as the modernist ‘reformers’ and their followers; and some of them cleave to the views of the traditionalist ‘reformers’ and their followers. The majority of them do not possess the intellectual, spiritual, and linguistic prerequisites of Islamic knowledge and epistemology so that they are severed from the cognitive and methodological approaches to the original sources of Islam and Islamic learning. In this way their knowledge of Islam is at the barest minimal level. Because they occupy a strategic position in the midst of the community and unless they drastically change their ways of thinking and believing, they pose a grave danger to the Islamic welfare of the Community. They have no adab, for they do not recognize and acknowledge the legitimate authorities in the true hierarchical order, and they demonstrate by example and teach and advocate confusion and error. This is in fact the main reason why, as demonstrated in the course of Western intellectual history throughout the ages and the rise of secular philosophy and science in Western  civilization, the Western conception of knowledge based upon its experience and consciousness must invariably lead to secularization. There can be no doubt, therefore, that if the secular Muslim scholars and intellectuals allow themselves, or are allowed to confuse the Muslim youth in knowledge, the delslamization of the Muslim mind will continue to take effect with greater persistence and intensity, and will follow the same kind of secularizing course in future generations. Large numbers among them do not fully understand the nature of Western culture and civilization whence they draw their inspiration and before which they stand agape in reverential awe and servile humility portraying the attitude of the inferior. They do not even completely grasp the contents and implications of the teachings of their alien masters, being content only to repeat them in vulgarized versions and so cheat the Muslim audience of their true worth.

College: An Opportunity to Succeed in Life Essay

College, to some people, may be a waste of time, but to me college is an opportunity to succeed in life. I spent all those years in elementary school, middle school, and high school, than why not take a few more helpful years and not be a waste! If I don’t spend time to make my life better, than how will I succeed in life? I’ll tell you how. I won’t! Although the dictionary says that college is some school we go to or education to get a job or occupation. It’s much, much, more! It’s one of the best opportunities anyone will ever get, and if you go there you can insure your future will be the best roller coaster ride you’ve ever ridden in a theme park. College isn’t just a simple building people go to. It’s my future. It determines what my life is going to be. If I succeed or if I won’t. College is really important to me because it’s one step closer to my dreams and is a door opening to many opportunities. In my family, no one has received a full education. My mother finished high school and got married. My father lost interest in education after 7th grade and then never went back to school. My grandparents hardly studied because their parents weren’t rich enough to pay their school fees. As a child I had many dreams and wants which my parents couldn’t fulfill because they weren’t rich enough or they didn’t have time because they were too busy saving up every penny they earned. No one in my family has been as far as college. So, for me college is one of my dreams come true. The most important dreams of my life is to be a successful person in my life and make my parents proud for which I need a good education and college is one of my most important levels of education. College is just a staircase closer to my dreams after which I will be very close to the top. All the way from elementary school till high school a student is told what to do, what to study and how to do everything but, college is different. It’s the first time you have to stand on your very own two feet and do something. It’s is a place with many opportunities. A place where you get to know where you stand and what you have to do to get to the top. In college, you could decide what you want to do in life and where you want to go. College is a door to opportunity when it teaches people new skills, makes them more productive and gives them a greater understanding of the world around them. College opens doors to opportunity and expands your horizon. For me, college will be a place I can truly prove my abilities and talents to the world. College is really important to me and I think it’s important to all those people who are serious about life and who know how to accept an opportunity and make the best out of it. For most people college is their alma mater, the place that makes you a good and capable person. I personally think college is going to be one of the best experiences for me. An experience I’ll really like. A place I’ll always love to be at. College for me I think is going to be a home with a unique family and unforgettable memories.

Oldham Pond study Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Oldham Pond study - Lab Report Example Data was collected from Oldham Pond which is a 235-acre natural pond located in an urban area in two towns, Pembroke and Hanson. The sources of water for the pond are a small tributary, wetlands areas and cranberry bogs of Herring Brook and drains into Furnace Pond. The pond has a 2.8-mile shoreline which includes residential houses and summer camp. It has an average depth of 10 feet while the deepest point in the pond is 15 feet. Geographically, the pond is at a latitude of 42.06701 N and 70.83644 W. The data set was collected from the SW shore, N. Haledon at an interval of three weeks; the first data being collected were collected on 4th February 2012 and the second data was collected on 25th February 2012. The study area is shown in figure 1 in the appendices page. Data collection method The data collected was on temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, Ph and the total alkalinity. Moreover, the prevailing weather conditions were noted including the temperature and the wind co nditions. During the first visit, data was taken on at the surface and at a depth of one meter. In addition to the two depths where the parameters were measured from in the first visit, the second study included measurement of the parameters at the bottom of the pond. Equipment with the ability to measure Ph, conductivity, temperature and dissolved oxygen at once was used. As noted by Stephens et al (431) measuring of Ph, temperature and conductivity give the best results when carried out at the sampling point using portable equipment

Frederic Chopin and Louis Moreau Gottschalk Essay

Frederic Chopin and Louis Moreau Gottschalk - Essay Example Gottschalk was considered to be the first widely recognized American composer in Europe (George, M.R., 1987, Starr, S., 2000) Chopin and Gottschalk both composed and played Romantic period music though their music is quite different. The musical works of Beethoven, Mozart, and Hadyn educated Chopin. Much of Chopin's music was considered to resemble Bach and Mozart. An obvious example of this being Chopin's 24 preludes in which all 24 of the keys mirror Bach's 48 preludes and fugues. The song-like melodies of his Nocturnes, which feature a gentle and flowing bass, are very much written in the style of Italian bel canto opera (Kennedy, M., 2004). Those that came before him also influenced Gottschalk, but he was not inspired by what today are considered classical composers. His time spent in South America and the Caribbean. His early days in New Orleans influenced much of his music in that he utilized much of the rhythmic variations that are characteristic of South American and Afro-American music. His works The Banjo, Grotesque Fantasie and Souvenir de Porto Rico were non-traditional pieces based on traditional Caribbean and South American pieces from unknown composers. He was very forth coming on any of his "quotations" and always acknowledged any borrowing from unknown work. He also did compose traditional, salon music. These pieces particularly The Dying Poet were very popular but ultimately considered inferior to his more ethnic pieces (Lowens, I., 2008). As Gottschalk's music was mainly untraditional and nationalistic, Chopin's was based more on tradition. However Chopin's polonaises were written to celebrate Polish culture and tradition and in this sense his music was nationalistic. He produced compositions of his nationality (George, M.R. 1987). Some of Gottschalk's early pieces La Bananier and Bamboula were based from music Gottschalk experienced in his youth in New Orleans (Starr, S., 2000). But the purpose of this nationalistic music is quite different. Chopin's polonaises were written to celebrate Polish culture and Gottschalk's pieces have an American influence but were not written to celebrate American culture. Gottschalk did eventually write some pieces during the Civil war celebrating the patriotic spirit (he supported the north), entitled The Union, and he was considered a patriot but his music did not inspire the nationalistic pride that Chopin's evoked. Both composers mainly wrote music for the piano. Gottschalk's pieces were written for two and four hands thought he did compose a few works for orchestra, opera, ballet and a programmatic symphony, A Night in the Tropics. Chopin frowned upon programmatic music and any musical scene painting. He maintained a classical purity and discretion in his music that resembles much of the music written before his lifetime. He also wrote primarily for the piano whether as a solo instrument or as an accompiament. His works include sonatas, interludes, nocturnes, preludes and etudes (Lowens, I., 2008, Michalowski, K., 2008). One of the largest differences between these two composers is not their compositions but their playing styles. Chopin required strict attendance on rhythm and the legato style or connection of two notes. He was very attentive to technique and playing a piece as it was written. All of his melodies are written out with no room for improvisation. Pianists can find Chopin's music challenging to play as he documented the all-rhythmic

1973 Chilean coup d'tat Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

1973 Chilean coup d'tat - Research Paper Example The poems of this artist were conveying the message of the dilemmas of being deep-seated in a brutal, harsh and oppressive political establishment. When he was released from custody, Zurita facilitated the establishment of group of radical artists that was against the oppressive acts of Pinochet. In his writings, Zurita rolled out the prevailing conditions that were there before the coup, during the coup and what followed after the coup. The coup was carried out three years after Salvador Allende was elected president of Chile (Zurita 25). Salvador was the person in charge of the Chilean Socialist party, and he became the first president to be elected to office through a free and fair, diplomatic election. Salvador’s government experience grave economic tribulations with very high rates of inflation and unemployment. He developed strategies that would control these problems including price con trolls and nationalization of industries and firms. He also reinstated the diplomatic relations with the neighboring countries (Zurita 29). Everything was running smoothly, and all artists including young Zurita had a lot of freedom to do all manner of arts, until Salvador appointed Augusto Pinochet as commander in chief of the Chilean army. With the help of the CIA, Pinochet plotted to overthrow the Salvador’s government through a military coup on September 1973 that left Allen de dead (Zurita 32). What followed Augusto’s victory was what Zurita responded to in his writing. The Chilean parliament was closed down, and the constitution was suspended. Further, Augusto debarred all the political actions, and the trade union agreements that existed as well as strictly muzzling the media. Augusto allotted himself as the president, and he ordered the killing of more than of Salvador supporters. Anyone who was suspected of holding liberal meetings was either suspended from their job or jailed

Product Life Cycle (Response 3) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product Life Cycle (Response 3) - Assignment Example At the next level, is the life cycle of a specific product form – iPhone 4 -- within this larger product category. Finally, is the brand product life cycle which is given an adjustable managerial approach to keep it in the market at its value. The observed trend in the case of iPhone 4 is expected because the individual brand is the focus of management’s decisions(Hunt,2010). As marketing managers observe changes in the sales of their brands like in the case of iPhone 4, particularly if sales are perceived to be declining, changes are made in one or more elements of the marketing mix. These changes are focused towards offsetting, or reversing, sales declines. If successful, the declining sales trend always corrects itself, at least for a period of time. However, sales will again eventually decline and changes will again be made to some aspect of the marketing program (Hunt,2010). It should be apparent that these ongoing decisions to change elements of marketing programs will cause the trend or sales curves for individual brands to bounce around considerably. However, because the sales curves for many brands are summed to create the life cycle for the associated product form, and the curves for multiple product forms are summed to yield the life cycle for the entire product category, these latter two curves tend to be less erratic. This explains the consistency of iPhone 4 in its

Global GDP, Death Rate, and Life Expectancy Research Paper

Global GDP, Death Rate, and Life Expectancy - Research Paper Example First, as per capita GDP increases, the life expectancy also increases for that country. Second, as per capita GDP increases the death rate would decrease for that country. The data was gathered from the US Central Intelligence Agency Factbook available online. Information was gathered from 220 countries that listed their per capita GDP, death rate, and life expectancy. Every attempt was made to use the most current data available, and all of the data was from 2007-2008. No data used was older than the data from 2007. The per capita GDP was the 2007 rate, and the death rate and life expectancy were based on 2008 estimates. From this list of 220 countries, a group of 30 countries were selected for analyzing by the following method: The countries were sorted in ascending order according to the per capita GDP. The highest and the lowest countries were eliminated. The countries were selected by choosing every seventh country from the list, resulting in a final list of 30 countries. Standard deviation was calculated using the n-1 method using the Excel spreadsheet. The per capita GDP had a high of $79,400 in Luxembourg and a low of $300 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for a range of $79,100. The mean per capita GDP was $7600, with a standard deviation of $17,635. Though the United States was not on the list used for evaluation, it is included as a reference point at $45,800. The Death Rate The Death Rate is measured in deaths per 1000 population. It ranged from a low of 3.53 in the Gaza Strip to a high of 22.33 in Lesotho for a range of 18.8. The median death rate was 7.49, and a standard deviation of 4.11. The median death rate is marginally less than the US's 8.27. Life expectancy is listed in years and ranged from a low of 40.17 years in Lesotho to a high of 79.36 years in Austria. The life expectancy range was 39.19 years and a median life expectancy of 73 years with a standard deviation of 9.91 years. The global median life expectancy is below the US's life expectancy of 78.14 years. Tables 1, 2, and 3 are the comprehensive lists of the data used for this research that has been ordered by per capita GDP, death rate, and life expectancy. The Data: Initial Examination For an initial examination of the data, it is helpful to view the information on a histogram. This gives a visual indication of the range of the data as well as the distribution across the range. Figures 1, 2, and 3 are the histograms that represent the per capita GDP, death rate, and life expectancy respectfully. Table 1: Data sorted by per capita GDP Country Per Capita GDP Rank Per Cap GDP Death Rate per 1000 pop Rank Death Rate Life Expect Life Exp Rank Luxembourg $79,400 1 8.43 18 79.18 3 Ireland $46,600 2 7.77 15 78.07 5 Austria $39,300 3 9.91 21 79.36 1 Germany $34,100 4 10.8 24 79.1 4 Faroe Islands $31,000 5 8.67 19 79.29 2 Bahamas, The $28,000 6 9.22 20 65.72 24 Czech Republic $24,500 7 10.69 23 76.62 8 Oman $19,000 8 3.68 3 73.91 12 Latvia $17,700 9 13.63 28 71.88 18 Poland $16,200 10 9.99 22 75.41 10 Botswana $14,300 11 14.02 29 50.16 29 Mexico $12,400 12 4.78 7 75.84 9 Cuba $11,000 13 7.19 14 77.27 6 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $9,800 14 5.96 10 74.34 11 Thailand $8,000 15 7.17 13 72.83 17 Ecuador $7,200 16 4.21 6 76.81 7 American Samoa $5,800 17 4.13 5 73.47 14 Tonga $5,100 18 5.12 8 70.44 20 Maldives $4,600

Perfection of Pablo Picasso's Art Work Research Paper

Perfection of Pablo Picasso's Art Work - Research Paper Example The paper "Perfection of Pablo Picasso's Art Work" will discuss Picasso's early life and explores his work. The study will also review the ideas of various authors to support and elaborate the subject of study. Pablo inherited the outside appearance of his mother Dona Maria Picasso Y Lopez. With Pablo and his father, there were two painters in their family. He was born out of luck since the midwife had given up on him. The midwife tried saving the life of the mother instead. Pablo was saved from suffocation by his uncle Don Salvadors, a qualified doctor. He blew a few puff of smoke on his face and this gave life to Pablo. Picasso enjoyed narrating this legend. His biography also highlights this historical point as it shows Picasso’s initial encounter with death and the victory over it. People began admiring Pablo’s vitality at the age of nine years. This was particularly his aspect of art, which was part and parcel of him at birth. Pablo spent ten years of his early lif e at Malaga, the place of his birth. His father was not a wealthy man. The father worked as a keeper at the town museum. Pablo’s father also worked as an art teacher at Escuela de San Telmo. The father accepted a well paid job, which he got. Pablo’s father and his family moved to the capital of La Coruna in the province of Atlantic coast. Pablo and his father resided in this capital for the next four years. Pablo’s father encouraged the son’s talents later in Pablo’s life. The father was concerned with his progress in academies early in life.

Related Studies Foreign Essay Example for Free

Related Studies Foreign Essay Foreign Langer (Journal 2004 p. 76). The research team identified three types of teachers: 1. Effective teachers in effective schools; 2. Effective teachers in typical schools, and 3. Typical teachers in typical schools. In effective schools, students were â€Å"beating the odds† in test scores, and the effective teachers there found their work encouraged and sustained by a supportive school and district climate that: 1. Coordinates efforts to improve student achievement. 2. Fosters teachers participation in a variety of professional activities. 3. Creates instructional-improvement activities in ways that offer teacher a strong sense of agency. 4. Values commitment to the profession teaching. 5. Engenders caring toward students and colleagues, and 6. Fosters respect for learning as a normal part of life. Furthermore, the assumption in articles dealing with the teacher reflection is that analysis of needs, problems, change processes, feeling of efficacy, beliefs are all factors that contribute to teaches professional development, be it through enhanced cognitions or new or improved practices. Reflection is discussed and used in research in several ways. The studies in this decade centre primarily on reflection as an instrument for change and on the various ways in which reflection can be developed. A group of explicitly considers the contribution to reflection of narrative methods such as story telling (for example, about Professional Development School Experiences) and the construction of stories within professional development activities. (Breault, 2010), (Day and Leitch, 2001), (Doecke et al., 2000) and (Shank, 2006. Set in Lithuania Arl the U.S.A., the Article by Jurasaite-Harbison and Rex (2010) narrate two-year ethnographic study that looks at how teachers in three different types of schools perceive themselves as learners and how their school cultures create opportunities for teachers’ professional development. On the basis of their findings, the authors conclude that the most productive conditions for informal workplace learning is a teacher culture that encourages and values collaborative learning. Evidence shows that professional development has an impact on teachers’ beliefs and behaviors. Evidence also indicates that the relationship between teachers’ beliefs and their practice is not straightforward or simple; on the contrary, it is dialectic, â€Å"moving back and forth between change in belief and change in classroom practice† (Cobb, Wood, and Yackel, 1990; Frank et al., 1997; Thompson, 1992, in Nelson, 1999, p. 6) Wood and Bennett (2000) support this statement with the results of a study, in which a group of early childhood educators in England were helping to collect data concerning their theories of play and their relationship to practice. As a result, these educators changed their own theories or teaching practices, or even both. Similar results are reported by Kettel and Sellas (1996) in a study of the development of practical theory of student-teachers in Australia; by Kallestad and Olweus (1998) in a study involving Norwegian teachers, which shows that teachers’ professional preparation and development have a large impact on defining teachers’ goals for their students, and these goals in turn affect the teachers’ behavior in the classrooms and schools; and also by Youngs (2001). Following the examination of data assessing the effects of four different models of professional development (teachers’ networks, the use of consultants and inter-visitations, students’ assessments and school improvement plans) on teachers’ professional development and school capacity in different part of the U.S.A, Youngs found that all models generally strengthened teachers’ knowledge, skills and dispositions, and they had varied effects on other aspects of school capacity. Yet, there is still a need for more research to be done in this area. According to the latest literature, some studies have been carried out as a result of this initiative. For example, research reported by Baker and Smith (1999) identified the following characteristics of professional development as being the most effective in sustaining change in teachers: 1. A heavy emphasis on providing concrete, realistic and challenging goals; 2. Activities that include both technical and conceptual aspects of instructions; 3. Support from colleagues; 4. Frequent opportunities for teachers to witness the effects that their efforts have on students’ learning. As Ingersoll (2001) reports: â€Å"Requiring teachers to teachers to teach classes for which they have not been trained or educated harms teachers and students† (p.42). Ingersoll refers to data that show that most â€Å"out-of-field† teachers are more commonly found among first-time teachers, in low-income schools, small schools, and lower-achieving classes. Classes with â€Å"out-of-field† teachers usually generate lower student achievement. In her research, Little (2001) discovered that in restructuring schools, most of the â€Å"official time† devoted to professional development is based on the conception that professional development is a process of inspiration and goal setting where administrators have already set goals and objectives of change, and professional development activities are used to motivate teachers to strive to meet them. In summary, the professional development of teachers is a key factor in ensuring that reforms at any level are effective. Successful professional development opportunities for teachers’ have a significant positive effect on students’ performance and learning. Thus, when the goal is to increase students’ learning and to improve their performance, the professional development of teachers should be considered a key factor, and this at the time must feature as an element in a larger reform. Little (2001). Local Dr. Manila (2002) is a newly-installed principal of a public secondary school in Baguio City which ranked second to the last in the achievement test in the previous school year. As an initial step to make the school one of the best in the city she selected several teachers to undergo a professional development program that she designed, hoping to achieve the results she envisioned for the school. A year after the training, the principal expected a big improvement in the performance of their school. Unfortunately, there was no improvement in the schools’ making. It is important that you learn to decide on what training is best for and what training should come first. Professional development programs are more effective when the individual needs of teachers are taken into account. The conduct of needs assessment must consider the critical skills areas that are needed for successful performance. The strength and weaknesses of teachers in key areas that have been proven to impact directly on student achievement should be identified. In a related study entitled â€Å"Continuing Professional and Technical Education in the Philippines† by Divina Edralin, Ph.D., the author’s recommendations may also be considered in making Continuing Professional Education serves its intended purpose among professional organizations. These are: 1. Formation of a Unifying Human Resource Development Framework; 2. Review of Matrix on Continuing Education; 3. Greater access to education, training, and retraining; 4. Incentives for Professionals and Technical Workers; 5. Needs identification and assessment; 6. Effective integration of education and employment; 7. Active tripartite cooperation; and 8. Financing Scheme. Moreover, to keep Continuing Professional Education relevant to the professions, certain challenges have to be considered. Terso Tullao, Jr. 1999 (p. 32) underlines â€Å"the need to refocus CPE programs towards research, graduate education, inventions and publications†. He adds: â€Å"Professional organizations should have their own journals reviewed by national or international experts. They should also sponsor professional lectures where there distinguished members or outside experts are asked to discuss topics on their expertise. Similar to the quest of higher educational institutions to make research outputs of their professors published in international journals, professional organizations should encourage their members to publish in referred international journals. Ultimately, professionals must realize that they are the best â€Å"architects† of their personal professional development plans. They have to be more proactive and take the initiative in enhancing their competence and performance. According to Zenon Arthur S. Udani, Ph.D., 1995, on his study on â€Å"Continuing Professional Educations: Training and Developing Filipino Professionals Admist Globalization†, Professional updates which trigger build-up in knowledge and related skills more professionals to the next stage of competence-building. â€Å"As they realize that what they know and what they can do are no longer sufficient to be productive and effective professionals, competence-building becomes a more urgent concern. It calls not only for updates in professional school basic knowledge and skills, but also for education derived from pluralistic sources (continuing education for professions) found useful in assuming competence required by what professionals actually do for a living.† At the stage of competence-building, professionals, aided by their associations, would have identified their key areas of professional development and growth. Updating members of professionals associations on current issues in their field is unquestionally important. This appears to be the dominant thrust of the professional associations surveyed in this study. However, CPE in these professional associations must go beyond this stage. Competence-building and performance-enhancement must also be encouraged among the member of professional associations. Ultimately, it is the personal vision, professional drive, and sense of urgency of the individual members that would guarantee positive outcomes and improvements in professional competence and performance.

Investigating a simple pendulum Essay Example for Free

Investigating a simple pendulum Essay In a way, I think that my experiment was successful. Most people would say that it would not have been a successful experiment if their results did not exactly match some of their predictions, just like my results, but I think that my experiment was a successful one because it made me realise that results will not always match predictions and it is fine to get results different from those you expected because it gives you more things to investigate when doing your evaluation. I think that my experiment was quite a fair one seeing as each test was done three times and an average result was taken. When I was testing the variables, length, mass and amplitude, I only tested one at a time, keeping the other two variables the same. I performed the experiment in the centre of the work bench, so the pendulum could not hit anyone passing by or and walls or other objects. As I said earlier in my obtaining evidence part of this coursework I think my results may have been slightly inaccurate seeing as the precision of my results depended on my hand-eye coordination which could not have been the same every time I judged when to stop the stopwatch. I think that my results would be quite easy to reproduce seeing as they all follow the expected patterns and were all taken three times and an average was also taken. I will now be attempting to explain why I think that my results did not match those of the equation: One of the reasons for this may be that my results could have been slightly inaccurate. Another reason may have been that the apparatus that I used was not as accurate as it could have been. If we look at the table of results for the formula, we can see that as the length increases, the difference between the actual time taken for one swing of the pendulum and the formula result gets closer. This could mean that the formula is meant for slightly larger lengths than 10 and 15 centimetres, maybe something such as one metre and above. Or it could mean that my results are inaccurate, especially those with shorter lengths, seeing as they swing faster and are obviously harder to get accurate results for. And now I will be attempting to explain why I think that the formula: , did not give a constant result. The reasons are the same as the ones for the above formula, that my results may have been slightly inaccurate and that the apparatus I used may also have been inaccurate. And again, if we look at my table of results, the results of the formula seem to get closer to a constant as the length increases. This could mean that the formula is meant to be used for slightly larger lengths than those that I investigated or it could mean that my results are slightly inaccurate, again especially with those smaller lengths, seeing as they are harder to time as they swing a lot quicker than the larger lengths. If I had to do the experiment again, I would use some different equipment and I would only investigate length as a variable seeing as I now know that it is the only variable that affects the time taken for one swing of the pendulum. The piece of equipment that I would want to change most would be the time measuring device that I used. A good time measuring device would ensure both accurate and reliable results, which is what every experiment needs to be truly successful. The best device I can think of would be a light sensitive one which starts a timer when the beam of light is broken, by the string passing through it, and stops it when the beam is broken again. Using this method would not only ensure accurate and reliable results, but it would allow me to get the time taken for one swing only and not the average of ten swings divided by ten. But such a piece of equipment would be very expensive and would also be very hard to set up, so I therefore think that it would not be possible to use a piece of equipment like the one described above. From looking at my results, I would also change the lengths of the strings that I would time, seeing as when I compared my results to those given by the formulas, the shortest lengths of string gave the most out of place results. I would probably test lengths of around one metre to one and a half metres. When I got these results I would also compare them to the two formulas I have used throughout this coursework. If I had more time I probably would have done each test five times instead of three to be more sure of reliable and accurate results. I would have also tested a wider range of lengths and then I would have been able to see if my predictions were totally correct or whether they were slightly wrong. From testing more lengths I would also have been able to find out whether the formula: , worked and also whether the formula: , gave a constant result. And just as a final thought, even though I know it would not be possible, I would like to investigate the effect that gravity would have on the time for one swing of the pendulum. I think that gravity would have an effect on the time taken for one swing of the pendulum seeing as it features in the same equation that helped me to predict that only length would effect the time taken for one swing of a simple pendulum.

Comparison of South Africa and the UK

Comparison of South Africa and the UK Introduction: Background of South Africa: Religions: Christians: 79.8%, Pentecostal: 8.2%, Roman Catholic: 7.1%, Methodist: 6.8%, NGK: 6.7%, Zion Christian: 11.1%, Anglican: 3.8%, Unaffiliated: 15.1%, Muslims: 1.5%, Hindu: 1.2%, African: 3.8% Culture: Westernized culture. Traditional culture has decreased; this means South Africa has similar lifestyles to those in Western Europe, North America and Australasia. Languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tswana, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu Customs: these are free imports allowed into the country: 200 Cigarettes 20 Cigars 50 ml perfume 250grams tobacco 1 liter of spirits (strong wine) 2 liters of wine Goods for personal use 250ml of Eau De Toilette Expensive items such as laptops may require a fee, which will be returned to you on arrival. These goods are not allowed: Local currency over 10 000 rand, endangered species of plants, animals Political Structure: Republic of South Africa (RSA) is a constitutional democracy. It consists of three structures of government: national, provincial and local governments. Judicial Structure: The body of judges and magistrates who sit in the Courts of South Africa. Background of Great Britain: Religions: Christianity is the major religion in the UK. Followed by Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism and Buddhism. The UK is described as a multi-faith society. Culture: The cultures are combined. It consists of the 4 main countries the UK is made up of: England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. Each has its distinct cultures. Also mainly known as the British culture. Languages: They do not have a constitutionally defined official language. English is the main language, spoken by 70% of the population. Other 30% include Welsh, Irish, Cornish and British sign language. Customs: The British are well known for: Good and well-mannered etiquettes. Meeting and greeting. Gift giving. Dining etiquette. Political Structure: Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy. Judicial Structure: The judicial system in the United Kingdom are separate judiciaries of the 3 legal systems in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. They are a body of judges that sit in the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Body: Economic systems of Great Britain: About 25% of Britain’s is arable, and almost half is suitable for meadows and pastures. Its agriculture that is highly mechanized and extremely productive, about 2% of the labor force produces 60% of the country’s food needs. Great Britain is one of the world’s leading industrialized nations. It has achieved this position despite the lack of most raw materials needed for industry. It must also import 40% of its food suppliers. Thus, its prosperity has been dependent upon the export of manufactured goods in exchange for raw materials and food stuffs. During the 1970s and 80s, nearly 3.5 million manufacturing jobs were created in service-related industries. The main industrial and commercial areas are the great conurbations, where about one third of the country’s population lives. The administrative and financial center and most important port is Greater London, which also has various manufacturing industries. Liverpool, Britain’s second port, along with south port and Saint Helen are part of the Merseyside conurbation. Great Britain has abundant suppliers of coal, oil and natural gas. Production of oil from offshore wells in the North Sea began in 1975, and the county is self-sufficient in petroleum. Great Britain’s trade focus has shifted from the United States to the European Union, which now accounts for over 50% of its trade. Great Britain is the fourth most populous country in Europe. Those of English descent constitute about 77% of the nation’s inhabits. The Great Britain’s population has shown increasing ethnic diversity since the 1970s, when people from the West Indies, India, Pakistan, Africa and China began immigrating, in the early 21century. English is the universal language of Great Britain. Sovereignty rests in parliament, which consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the crown. Effective power resides in the commons, whose 650 members are elected from single-member constituencies. The two main parties are the conservative party, descended from the old Tory party, and the labor party, which was organized in 1906 and moderately Social Democratic, is a weaker third party. Both Scotland and Wales have nationalist parties whose goal is the independence of those respective regions. Economic Systems of South Africa: South Africa’s Department of Trade and industry has launched the R71-million Itukise Unemployed graduates Programme, which will help unemployed graduates get work experience by negotiating placements at companies for them. Itukise provided work experience to unemployed graduates for 12 months. The department will also seek to place interns at companies interested in the programme. The programme also presented an opportunity to develop and market the profile of the manufacturing sector to young people, in provision of decent work and in increasing opportunities for people learning both on and off the job. The most likely scenario for South Africa’s economic and political trajectory until 2030 is to â€Å"chronic underachiever†. The 3.8% growth rate is close to the 3.2% average and had achieved since 1994. But according to the SA futures 2030, ANC will slip under 50% by the 2040 election. The Madiba Magic path could be reached in one of two ways: The ANC does well in the coming election and embarrass on internal reforms. A second route would be if the ANC were to do poorly in the coming election, the Democratic Alliance and multiparty democracy were to emerge strongly and the ANC were compelled to make reform to the public service and state in â€Å"a race to the top† against the DA in improving social delivery. Political instability dominates as both tripartite alliance and the ANC engage in a bitter and violent competition. The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) was hoping to get the majority of the countries nearly two million 18 and 19 year-olds registered, but ended up in that order with fewer than 700 000. The most interesting coalitions will emerge after the elections, when the ANC, DA and EFF will take the lead. Political Stability: As an emerging economy South Africa has not remained completely unaffected by the turmoil in other emerging economies world-wide, especially in Asia and lately also in Russia. This negatively affected investors’ confidence in these countries. Political change is an empty phase if it is not accompanied by changes in the socio-economic sphere, leading to meaningful changes in the quality of life of the ordinary citizen. Geographical Structure Geographical Location of South Africa: You may find South Africa at the south part of the African continent. It stretches across from north to south, for at least 1600 km. It has latitude between 22 and 35 degrees. And it also stretches from east to west for 1600 km, between 17 and 33 degrees longitude. Geographical Location of Great Britain: Great Britain is located off the north western coast of Europe. The total area of the United Kingdom is approximately 245,000 square kilometers. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest in Europe. The term Great Britain is used to refer to England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland because it’s on the largest island in Europe. This list contains the area sizes of the countries: Demographics of South Africa: The demographics of South Africa encompasses around at least 52 million individuals of diverse origins, language, cultures, and religions. In 2010 were the last census been held and the next census will be taken anywhere from 2016 Unemployment: South Africa`s unemployment rate has decreased to 24.10 percent within the fourth quarter of 2013 from 24.50 percent of 2013 within the third quarter. The statistics of South Africa reports the unemployment rate of South Africa. Mortality: In South Africa statistical release has presented information on mortality and causes of death, this were all based on death notification forms that were received from the Department of home affairs for death that has been occurred in 2009. The outline release trends in mortality from 1997 to 2009, differentials in mortality are selected by demographics, social and geographic characteristics for death occurred in 2009. Fertility: There has been a widespread agreement in general that fertility has begun to decline amongst all major population in South Apartheid prior to the end of apartheid. It has occurred at a much faster level for whites and Asians as they are compared to mixed race and Africans. This has occurred amidst the impoverishment of millions. Life Expectancy: One in every 10 South Africans is HI-positive despite that, SA has increased in life expectancy, according to statistics South Africa. The population total of SA IS 52.98 million then it was counted in the census of 2011. By a year the life expectancy of South Africa has increased by 59.6 (57.7 for males and 61.4 years for females. Free State is the province with the lowest life expectancy. Major deaths: Violence and accidental injuries, HIV, intestinal infectious disease. Demographics of Great Britain: In every 10 years a census is taken simultaneously in all parts of the UK. Data for England and wales is collected by the national statistics and they are responsible for it. The total population of the United Kingdom was 63.181.778 in the 2011 census. Population : By 7.0 percent since 1971 has the UK `s population increased, from 55.9 million in more recent years growth has been faster of a greater result number of births rather than deaths from the late 1990`s with an increasing factor of migration. Unemployment: There has been measured by the office for national statistics within months that unemployment stood at 7.1 percent, or 2.32 million people out of work. Mortality rate: In the United Kingdom are alcohol-related deaths a number of areas that were combined and were chosen to cover range of economic and social housing issues. Fertility: The total fertility rate is 1.9 children born/ women. A global fertility rate always in general declined and is the most pronounced industrialization country. Life expectancy: Compared to a one person in the early 1980`s a man born now can expect more than seven extra years of life ahead. Calculations have showed that girls that were born between 2010 and 2012 could expect to live 82.8 years and 79.0 years can boys live. Major death causes: Disease of the circulatory system. Cancer, respiratory diseases. Economy of Great Britain: The social structure of the United Kingdom has historically been highly influenced by the concept of social class, with the concept still affecting British society in the early-21st century. Although definitions of social class in the United Kingdom differ and are highly controversial, most are influenced by factors of wealth, occupation and education. (2) The United Kingdom has the 6th-largest national economy in the world and is the third largest in Europe measured by nominal GDP and its purchasing power parity. The United Kingdom’s GDP per capita is the 22nd-highest in the world in nominal terms. The UK government’s welfare cuts and changes to taxation have encouraged economic inequality so intensely that they amount to ‘speeded-up Thatcherism.’ The divide between rich and poor is widening faster than in the 1980s, according to a new report. The slicing of UK welfare benefits and simultaneous cuts in tax credits means that inequality will have soared twice as fast by 2015. Living standards were 21pc higher in the UK compared with the average in the EU, the statistics office Eurostat said. â€Å"In Luxembourg standards were 50pc higher.† Individual consumption was used as the measure, often cited because it includes all goods and services that a household consumes, regardless of whether they pay for them. Britains rating is boosted by public services such as health and education, which are largely government funded. A welfare state is a concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The welfare state involves a transfer of funds from the state, to the services provided e.g. healthcare, education as well as directly to individuals. It is funded through redistributionist taxation and is often referred to as a type of mixed economy. Such taxation usually includes a larger income tax for people with higher incomes, called a progressive tax. This helps to reduce the income gap between the rich and poor and can establish some sort of equality between both rich and poor. Economy of South Africa: In South Africa with its high levels of racial inequality, inequality in income distribution is especially large and persistent. For an upper-middle income country in terms of GDP per capita and economic structure, there are still many people living in poverty. In its 2012-13 Global Competitiveness report, the World Economic Forum ranked South Africa second in the world for the accountability of its private institutions, and third for its financial market development, â€Å"indicating high confidence in South Africa’s financial markets at a time when trust is returning only slowly in many other parts of the world†. The countrys securities exchange, the JSE, is ranked among the top 20 in the world in terms of size. Thus indicates the extent at which South Africa has grown since 1994 up until now. Since the demise of apartheid in 1994, South Africas economic and social status has undergone marked changes. GDP annual growth has averaged about 3.5%, with the years 2004-2007 maintaining a 5% increase annually. Per capita PPP increased from $5700 in 1994 to $9560 in 2007. Measles immunization for children aged 12-23 months grew from 76% to 85%. And finally, the percent of South Africans aged 7-24 who had completed primary school skyrocketed from 77% in 1992 to a reported 100% completion rate in 2004, the last year for which this statistic is available The fact that more people receive social grants from the state than have jobs has created a flurry of alarm that SAs welfare spending is unsustainable, given the fear that unemployment could remain persistently high in a low-growth environment. There are many people who not over the age of 18 and therefore are not liable to be taxpayers as of yet and that impacts negatively on the welfare of South Africa. Imports and exports in South Africa have increased since the end of apartheid. South Africa is the second largest producer of gold, and is well known as the largest producer of chrome, platinum, manganese, vanadium, and vermiculite. South Africa is the world’s third largest coal exporter. Mining is only counted for 3% of the GDP. South Africa is well known for their large agricultural sector and is a net exporter of farming products. Top five markets of South Africa are: United States Germany Japan Zimbabwe China Imports and exports in Great Britain is the world’s fifth largest trading nation. Machinery and transport, manufactured goods, chemicals, and steel are Britain’s largest export earners. Britain’s pharmaceuticals industry is the world’s third largest exporter of medicines. Conclusion: We conclude that Great Britain is one of the most established countries and is much more developed, whereas South Africa is still developing, and slowly emerging in specific areas. Great Britain’s social structure is influenced by class, and South Africa’s is based on racial inequality, and income. Britain’s class is influenced by how wealthy the citizens are. South Africa was ranked second in the world for the accountability of its private institutions, and third for its financial market development, but many of these South Africans are still living in poverty. Word Count: 2585 Bibliography: References: http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/109/a-high-standard-of-living-brought-low-by-aids-in-south-africa http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/econoverview.htm#.UyqX-NxaYpE#ixzz2wUAyoq53 Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa http://geography.about.com/od/unitedkingdommaps/a/Great-Britain-Facts.htm Jill Pasqualle: Introduction : Backgrounds on the two countries Geographical Structure Imports and exports in each country, foreign relations, and trading partners. Ra-ees Peffer: Economy Deidre Lee Anne Plaatjies: Demographics and social structure Nomathamsanqa Pienaar: Economic systems

Stolen and Forged Artwork Essay -- Art Essays

Stolen and Forged Artwork Since the beginning of its existence, art collecting has been a rather dangerous endeavor. Artwork fakes and even stolen art have been documented since the days of ancient Rome. Even then, the Romans often sought classical Greek artwork and sculptures, and more often than not, works purchased were by Roman artists trying to imitate classic Greek works (Kaufman 36). Today, modern day forgers are still trying to fool art enthusiasts and are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their methods. Acting as a double edged sword, advances in science allow for easier detection of a forged work; however, the same techniques are used by the forgers to make their works more authentic looking. Recently, art forger Ely Sakhai was charged by American authorities for a multi million dollar scam in which he fooled collectors and auctions houses, including Christie’s in London, into buying fakes. He has been accused of buying masterpieces by artists such as Monet, Renoir, and Gaugin, before selling copies. A recent incident in May of 2000 involved the artist Gaugin’s Vase de Fleurs. The painting was offered for auction at both Christie’s and Sotheby’s at the same time. The painting at Christie’s was deemed a fake and the sale was cancelled, but Sotheby’s went ahead with the sale, making 169,000 dollars for Sakhai. He currently faces twenty years in jail if convicted, along with a 1.1 million pound fine for twenty-five faked paintings (Black 22). After the boom of sales for Impressionist paintings in the 1980s, an increase in demand for fine art is encouraging an industry in fakes. Helped along by art dealers interested only in their personal profit, questionable works are passed along to buyers compl... ... Luckily, museum curators recognize this. Works from exhibitions are constantly being removed and re-evaluated in order to preserve the integrity of art history. As long as art is in demand, regardless of the efforts of art historians and scientists alike, the forgery industry continues to expand. Before long, the question will no longer be, â€Å"is it fake?† but rather, â€Å"is it real?† Works Cited Black, Edward. â€Å"Art Dealer who Forged Ahead with Scam.† The Scotsman 62 (2004): 22-23. Conklin, John E. Art Crime. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1994. Dam, Julie K.L. â€Å"The Faking Game† Time (1997). Granger, Doug â€Å"Art Forgery† International Foundation for Art Research 03.30.04 Kauffman, Joshua. â€Å"Putting the Legal Squeeze on Stolen Art† Art Business News 36. Wilson, Claire. â€Å"Documenting Museum Forgeries† Art and antiques (2001): 34.

Modern Architecture Essay -- Modernism, Postmodernism

As some critics contended, postmodernism represents a break with the modernist notion that architecture should be technologically rational, austere and functional, discuss the ways in which one postmodern architect has developed strategies which overcome these tendencies. Juxtaposition is seen between the characteristics of early 20th century modern architecture and the artistic endeavours of postmodernism that followed. To represent the ‘Less is More’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) notion the modernist tendencies had adopted, Robert Venturi built a ‘Ghost Structure’ to imply architecture had no longer become an art form and was merely just a ‘spectator’ (Architecturerevived, 2011) in society. This essay will discuss ways in which the architect Robert Venturi adopts methods to overcome these tendencies that architecture has lost meaning and ways in which he attempts to remove himself with any links with the ‘post-modernist’ movement that he is viewed in having. Modern Architects saw their role as ‘reformers,’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg16) and tended to break with tradition and start anew. Considering it was a new revolutionary movement they tended to ignore potential problems and focused on the new modern advancements available. A modernist tendency was to build individually however Venturi claimed that a ‘building derives meaning from its context’ (Out Of the Ordinary, 2002) and evidently each individual location requires a different form of architectural style to represent this. In Venturi's book ‘Complexity and Contradiction’ he quotes ‘familiar things seen in unfamiliar context become perceptually new as well as old’ (R.Venturi, 1966, pg43) here he perhaps means in order for art to become worthy of aesthetic appreciation the v... ...ical architecture in which he feel shouldn’t be forgotten but instead should be admired and inspire future movements. Despite modernism striping what Venturi believed was the ‘art’ from architecture he fought to overcome these tendencies are drew upon relevant historic features and characterisations and applied them liberally to his design, in accordance to their context. Nevertheless he understood that designing for the user was significant and not to exclude social problems. He undertook the modernist concept of advanced ways to construct and recognised and understood the developing society, yet he chose not to ignore historic references and applied them in a system of layers within his designs to accommodate for the advanced civilization whilst electing to apply asceticism for both a functional and visual experience.

ASPECT OF CONMTRACT Essay

Understanding the essential elements of a valid contract in a business context P1.1. Explain the importance of the essential elements required for the formation of a valid contract There are several important elements in order to form a valid contract. 1. Offer and Acceptance.- In order to create a valid contract , there must be a ‘lawfull offer ‘ by one party and ‘lawfull acceptance’ of the same by the other party 2. Intention to Create Legal Relationship- In case,there is not such intetion on the part of partyes, there is not contract. Agreements of social and domestic nature do not contemplate legal relations .Case ; Balfour vs Balfour (1919) 3. Lowfull Consideration. Consideration has been defined in various ways Acourding to Blackstone † Consideration is recompense given by the party contracting to another † in other words of Pollock† Consideration is the price for wich the promise of the another is brought †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.consideration is known as quid pro-quo or something in return 4. Capacity of Parties ;The parties to an agreement must be competent to contract. If either of the parties does not have the capacity to contract , the contract is not valid Accourding the following persons are incopetent to contract ; a -miners, b-persons of unsound mind c-person disqualifield by low to wich they ar subject 5. Lawfull Object.; The object of an agreement must be valid . Object has nothing to do with consideration it means to purpoase or design of the contract. This when one hires a house for use of a gambling house , the object of the contract is to run a gambling house 6. Legal formailities ; An oral Contract is a perfectly valid contract espect in those cases where writing registration etc,is required by some statute, in India writing is required in cases of sale, mortgage lease and gift on immovable propriety, negociable instrument etc 7. Certainity of Meaning; Acourding to Section 29; Agreement the meaning of wich is not Certain or capable of being made certain are avoid 8. Posibility of Performance; If the act is imposible in itselfe physically or legally if cannot be enforced at law. For example Mr A agrees with B to discover treasure by magic. SUCH agreements is not enforceable P1.2. Discuss the impact of different types of contract A contract is an agreement between two parties that must include an offer , an acceptance and a consideration .There are a variety of different types of contracts used for different purposes, in addition, certain types of contracts may be more popular in one jurisdiction than in another Bilateral and unilateral implied, viodable,executory and oral contractat are among the common types of contracts used throughout the world Bilateral contracts make up the majority of the contracts drafted. A bilateral contract consists of tho parties who are under an obligation to do something or refain from doing something. For example a contract for the sale of goods is a bilateral contract. The buyer promises to purchase the product and, in turn, the seller promises to supply the product P1.3. Analyse terms ic contract with reference to their meaning and effect The terms of an agreement may be so vague and indefinite that in reality there is no contract in existence at all. (Scammell v Quston (1941)). The presence of a vague term will not prove fatal in every case. The contract itself may provide any disputes about the operation of the agreement can be resolved. (Foley v Classique Ltd (1934)). A court can ascertain the terms of a contract by reference to a trade custom or a course of previous dealings between the parties. (Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd (1932)). A meaningless term which is subsidiary to the main agreement can be ignored and the rest of the contract enforced. (Nicolene Ltd v Simmonds (1953)). Express terms, are the details of a contract which have been specifically agreed between the parties. (Harling v Eddy (1951)). There are a number of express term that feature a standard contract such as exemption clauses, liquidated damages clauses and price variati on clauses. This terms can effect a contract. For example liquidated damages clause can affect the term in a contract, because it lays down the amount of damages that will be payable in the event of a breach of a contract. Cancelation charges are an example of a liquidated damages clause. Implied terms, represent addition terms that are implied into an agreement. Those can be by custom (Hutton v Warren (1836), by common low (The Moorcock (1889)), or by statute. The most common being the sale or supply of goods Act 1979. Be able to apply the elements of a contract in business situations P2.1. Apply the elements of contract in a given business scenarios In the business scenario 1, at an auction sale the call for bids by an auctioneer is an invitation to treat, the bids are offers. The auctioneer selects the highest bid and acceptance is completed by the fall of the hammer. (Payne v Cave (1789)). Advertising a forthcoming auction sale does not amount to an offer to hold it. (Harris v Nickerson (1873)). An offer can be revoked at any time before the acceptance but it will only be effective when the oferee learns about it, and it is not necessary that the oferor himself should tell the oferee that the offer has been revoked. (Dikinson v Dodds (1876)). The case study shows that the offeror was Montblanc auction and Harry, Miss Kaur the oferee shown the intention to bid for pen fountain at Montblanc auction, willing to travel to Manchester for it, and she also shown intention to buy pen fountain from Harry but she did not decided 100%, therefore, even though the offer was expre ssed to be open until after lunch break, such offer can be revoked before the end of the time limit, because Miss Kaur did not agreed with the offer. A promise to keep an offer open will be binding if it can be enforced as a separate contract. A legally binding option will be created if the oferee provides some consideration in return for the offeror’s promise to keep the offer open. (Mountford v Scott (1975)). In the case study, Miss Kaur could have paid a deposit in advance to make sure she could still have the pen fountain. Consideration was shown between Harry and Miss Kaur, and each side promise something to the other party. This was not the case with the Mountblanc Auction, even if the auction for the pen collection supposed to be open, the parties did not enter into a consideration. Intention, the low is not concern itself with purely domestic or social arrangements. The parties must have intended their agreement to have legal consequences. In the first case Mountblanc auction showed the intention to offer for bid the pen fountain, and this was mention in the list of items to be auctioned, but because of one or another reason this was cancelled. On the other hand Harry shown the intention to wait until after lunch for Miss Kaur, but because it wasn’t any written contract between them, he decided to sell his pen fountain with a better price of  £1000, breaching the informal contract that he had with Miss Kaur. In the context of contract low, Miss Kaur cannot take any action against the auctioneer for the expense of her travel to the auction and she cannot take any action to  Harry for not selling the fountain pen to her. Business scenario 1, shows that the agreement between Charles, owner of a house, and Murphy, who supposed to make renovation in the house by a set amount of money ( £50.000), at a specific date. Secondly, consideration is shown in the case study where both parties agreed to give something in return. Charles agreed to pay  £50.000 for the house renovation, and Murphy agreed with the sum initially. Intention, is shown when Murphy asked for an increase in salary in order for the job to be done in time, even if Charles agreed initially, than he turn his back on the offer that he made, respecting only the legal terms from the contract. In this situation Murphy can’t make any legal action against Charles. Capacity, in this case both parties where capable of fulfilling their commitments. Charles paying for the service, Murphy capable of doing the service. Genuineness of cons cent appeared between parties, when the initial contract was formed. Here was the time for Murphy to argue for an increase in salary, and not at a later date. Legality element of the contract is present, because it is nothing illegal or contrary to public policy. P2.2. Apply the law on terms in different contracts A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as an adhesion or boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favourable terms and is thus placed in a â€Å"take it or leave it† position. Examples of standard form contracts are insurance policies (where the insurer decides what it will and will not insure, and the language of the contract) and contracts with government agencies (where certain clauses must be included by law or regulation). For example MetLife insurance company, has the terms of the contract are contained in a written document, the parties will be quite clear about what they have agreed to and this is likely to minimise the possibility of disputes a later stage. For example MetLife can make a contract of a life cover with a minimum of  £7, in which the client would know the standard terms and condition stipu lated in the contract. It would be very time- consuming to negotiate individual terms with every customer, because the company is offering a standard service to a large number of people. Standard form, business-to-consumer contracts fulfil  an important efficiency role in the mass distribution of goods and services. These contracts have the potential to reduce transaction costs by eliminating the need to negotiate the many details of a contract for each instance a product is sold or a service is used. However, these contracts also have the ability to trick or abuse consumers because of the unequal bargaining power between the parties. For example, where a standard form contract is entered into between an ordinary consumer and the salesperson of a multinational corporation, the consumer typically is in no position to negotiate the standard terms. As example MetLife representative often does not have the authority to alter the terms, even if either side to the transaction were capable of understanding all the terms in the fine print. These contracts are typically drafted by corporate lawyers far away from where the underlying consumer and vendor transaction takes place. The danger of accepting unfair or unconscionable terms is greatest where these artful drafters of such contracts present consumers with attractive terms on the visible or â€Å"shopped† terms of most interest to consumers, such as price and quality, but then slip one-sided terms benefiting the seller into the less visible, fine print clauses least likely to be read or understood by consumers. For example a customer of MetLife can be assured for accident protection, but there are only a specific accident that the company may cover the client. In many cases, the consumer may not even see these contracts until the transaction has occurred. In some cases, the seller knows and takes advantage of the knowledge that consumers will not read or make decisions on these unfair terms.(Standard Form of Contracts, 2014). P2.3. Evaluate the effect of different terms in given contracts In the business scenario 4, terms stipulated in the contract are the payment for the research assistant ( £25000) and the working hours, witch in this case are â€Å"whatever hours are necessary to complete the assignments given to her†. Section 1 of Employment Rights Act 1996 that in fact requires the employer to state the amount of hours worked by the employee. Disciplinary procedures had to be insert in the terms of a contract, where, for example Miss Y had to receive a number of warnings that will be given to her before suspension or dismissal, for her behaviour of wearing trousers and not a dress, on the morning of 2nf June. Because of this terms of the contract, Miss Y can  appeal to grievance procedures that relate to complains in regard to any aspect of the employment with witch the employee is not satisfied. In this case dismissal for asserting the right is automatically unfair and there is no service requirements by reason of section 104 of the ERA 1996. (Riches, S. & Allen, V. 2011). Under the Employment Act 2002, Miss Y can claim compensation for unfair dismissal. She can also claim because of the Working Time Regulation (SI 1998/1833),where is stipulated that the employee has a maximum of 48 of work a week, a daily rest of period at least 11 consecutive hours in 24 hours, and in work rest break of 20 minutes for those working more them 6 hours daily. Miss Y, could also claim compensation and Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, if the court finds that she receives medical treatment for depression due to the employment environment. Understand principles of liability in negligence in business activities P3.1. Contrast liability in tort with contractual liability Tort liability arises out of a civil wrong, for example, people who do business, sole proprietor or in a partnership are liable for the torts committed by themselves and for torts committed in the course of the business by their agent and/or partners. However, one may avoid tort liability for the acts of business associates if they operate their business as a corporation or a limited liability company. Thus, the choice of entity is too perceived to have potential benefit if one is concerned about limiting one’s tort liability. Regardless of what type of business organization a person is liable for torts committed by himself, if for example he/ she is driving the company vehicle and are involved in an accident the other party is liable if he/she negligently operated the vehicle whether he/she operate as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietor. (Business Law, 2014). Contractual Liability, appears when a corporation or a limited liability company may protect one’s pe rsonal assets should the operator incur a significant contractual liability from the business operation. For example, a building contractor signs a contract to construct an office building for a business client and fails to meet the contractual deadline, the business client holds the contractor liable for consequential damages – profits lost for the time the client is not able to occupy the new building. Particularly in the construction area, contractual  liability may exceed simply the contract price. So long as one does not personally guarantee the contract of the business entity, his or her personal assets, assets owned outside the corporation or LLC, are protected as the corporate operator should not be personally liable for the corporate debts, contracts and contractual liabilities. Often, however, people dealing with corporations demand that the principals of the corporation personally guarantee the contracts. (Business Law, 2014). P3.2. Explain the nature of liability in negligence Liability of negligence appears when a claimant is able to prove that: â€Å"the defendant owed him a legal duty of care; the defendant was in breach of their duty; and the claimant suffered injury or loss as a result of the breach†. (Riches, S. & Allen, V. 2011:348). For example a producer of goods may be liable to a consumer for loss and damage caused by his defective product under the tort of negligence. A consumer must establish the manufacturer owed him a duty of care. In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) case, House of Lords established the principles that a manufacturer was a duty of care to all persons who are likely to come into contact with his goods. The breach in duty occurs if the fallowing factors such as the like hood that the damage or injury will be incurred, the serious of any damage or injury, the cost and ease of taking precautions and the social need for the activity. (Balton v Stone (1951). In the final part the claimant has to prove that he suffered damage if this damage was caused by a negligent misstatement as in the case of Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller and Partners Ltd (1963), or it was consequent upon foreseeable physical injury or damage to property such in the case of Junior Brooks Ltd v Veitcho Co Ltd (1982). P3.3. Explain how a business can be vicariously liable Employers can be held vicariously liable for acts of negligence or omission on the part of their employees in the course of employment even if the employer did not authorise or was unaware of the acts in question. To mount a successful defence, an employer must demonstrate either that the employee was not negligent or that the employee was acting in an individual capacity unrelated to the business of the employer. In some circumstances employers may also be liable for the misdemeanours of their independent contractors or  workers employed by a third party, such as an agency. For example, this applies where the employer authorises the wrongful act or had overall responsibility that could not be delegated. For example an employee that works for a catering agency, who does wrong doing at one of the clients that the agency is sending him to work for, the agency can be responsible for. The main deciding factor as to which employer has the responsibility for a sub-contractor or agency worker is that of ‘control’. The employer who gives direction and instructions for the work to be conducted will usually be the one to bear responsibility for misdemeanours carried out during the course of that work. If more than one employer can be identified as having control over the work of the employee then the principle of dual vicarious liability may apply. This is a principle introduced by the decision of Lord Justice May in the recent case of Via systems (Tyneside) Limited v Thermal Transfer (Northern) Limited & Others. The case involved compensation for a flood at a factory which had been caused by the sub-contractor of a sub-contractor. In his ruling, Lord Justice May decided that more than one employer could be subject to a claim and that the amounts awarded should be split equal unless it could be clearly demonstrated that one party bore more of the responsibility than the other. This courageous decision overturned the principle established in Laugher v Pointer in 1826 that only one employer could be held vicariously liable. (Vicarious Liability, 2014). Be able to apply principles of liability in negligence in business situations P4.1. Apply the elements of the tort of negligence and defences in different business situations The tort of negligence is concern with certain kinds of careless conduct with cause damage or loss to others. As explain in task 3.2. There are three factors to consider. Firstly duty of care, if this duty is break and if the other party suffered any damages. In the Business Scenario 5 it is presented the fact that a UK ship was taking oil in Sydney harbour, spilling oil in the water, and because of a spark it set fire to a wharf witch was at 200 yards distance. The case also shows that safety precaution were taken but does not explain how. On the one hand, it can be argued therefore that the duty of care of the UK ship was broken, because the ship supposed to take more precautions on the duty of care and harm any neighbour. The defendant has break their duty of care  because the likelihood of an accident such as this could be foreseen. On the other hand, it can be argued that the defendant can claim â€Å"res ipsa loquitur†, witch mean that the facts spick for themselves, and it can be prove to court that the UK ship took enough safety precaution to avoid any accident, therefore the defendant would not be seen as negligent. The condition must be satisfied for res ipsa to come to play are in case of the event which caused the accident must have been the defendant’s control, witch in this case can be argued that it was, and the accident must be in such nature that it would not have occurred if proper care had been taken by the defendant, witch again could be argued that the ship took enough safety precaution. The damage that occur after this accident was that the claimant suffered damaged on his wharf, thereby he has to prove in court that this damages was made as a consequences of the UK ship actions in the harbour. In the case of Business Scenario 6, the negligence was made by Shell, because they had failed to provide protection goggles to Bell while he was working in spite of the fact that this was not a normal practice at the firm. Negligence was also made but the employee Bell, because firstly he supposed to protect himself especially because he had lost one eye, and he could have been more precaut. The breach of duty was made by Shell, because the job that Bell has implied vehicle maintenance, and while working with materials such as metals, the company should have provided protection for Bell under the Consumer Protection Act 1987. Bell, can therefore claim compensation for its employee negligence towards him, because he suffered injury while working at Shell Company. P4.2. Apply the elements of vicarious liability in given business situations Low states that an employer is liable for damage caused to another person by his employee, while the employee was caring out his work. The employer is liable even though he was not in any way at fault, and this rule even if seems to be unfair for the employer, it is based upon the law and policy. Employer and employee are regarded as â€Å"associated parties† in the business in which both are engaged. In the Business Scenario 7 and 8, Alf and Amos Bridge breach their contractual duties, therefore because they were acting at work, the employer is automatically consider guilty as well by the court. References: 1. Business Law, Available at: http://pullman-wa.com/law/businessLaw.htm, [Accessed on 12.03.2014]; 2. Riches, S.& Allen, V. (2011), Keenan and Riches’ BUSINESS LAW, 10th (ed), Pearson: London; 3. Standard form Contracts, Available at: http://faircontracts.org/what-are-standard-form-contracts, [Accessed on 15.03.2014]; 4. Vicarious Liability , Available at : http://www.uktrainingworldwide.com/BB/VicariousLiability.htm; [Accessed on 13.03.2014];

Fever And Headache Case Study Health And Social Care Essay

Prior to parturiency, the client chows balanced repasts daily. He takes Multivitamins. He drinks 8-12 spectacless of H2O daily. He does n't hold any nutrient allergic reactions. His lesions heal fast. Complete set of dentitions, does n't utilize dental plates. The client is DAT ( diet as tolerated ) diet with no dark colored nutrients. Elimination Pattern The client does n't hold trouble extinguishing. He does n't utilize laxatives. His stool is formed. He defecates one time or twice daily. No jobs experienced when urinating. His piss is normal in colour and sum. Upon parturiency, the client defecates one time day-to-day. Still no trouble urinating. Activity and Exercise The client has sufficient energy to make the day-to-day activities he desired. He jogs around their small town sometimes. He likes to read books during his trim clip. He can to the full take attention of himself. While in the infirmary, the client walks around his room. He feels weak most of the clip, because he is merely lying down. He watches telecasting while in the infirmary. Cognitive-Perceptual The client does n't hold hearing troubles and does n't utilize hearing AIDSs. He does n't have on reading spectacless. He normally decides for himself but seeks advice from his older sister. Sleep/Rest Before parturiency, the client does n't hold trouble kiping. He makes certain to acquire adequate remainder for the following twenty-four hours ‘s activities. He does n't see incubuss. Now, the client said that he was non able to kip good because he is really concerned about his wellness. He sleeps a small late and wakes up early the following twenty-four hours. Self-perception The client describes himself as simple and determined. He feels good about himself. He does n't let petty jobs to acquire the best of him. Role-Relationship The client lives with his sister and her household. They portion with the family disbursals. Whenever they encounter jobs, they sit down and discourse them. Sexuality-Reproductive The client is sexually active but refuses to speak about his sexual life. Coping/Stress Tolerance When stressed, the client tries to loosen up himself foremost before confronting the job because he might do determinations he will repent. He talks to his sister or close friends whenever he has jobs. He does n't take any medicines or drugs. He handles jobs maturely. Values/Beliefs The client is spiritual. He prays frequently, though seldom attends mass. He has programs for himself in the hereafter and he says he will make his best to accomplish them.Family AssessmentName Relation Age Sexual activity Occupation Educational Attainment C.G Wife 31 F Gross saless Manager College GraduateHeredoMaternal: None Paternal: NoneDevelopmental HistoryTheorist Age Task/Stage Patient Description Erikson 36 y/o Generativity vs. Stagnation The patient is concerned about others. He makes the most out of his clip. Freud 36 y/o Genital Phase The patient is sexually active. Piaget 36 y/o Formal Operationss The patient thinks about how to cover and work out jobs encountered. Kohlberg 36 y/o Post Conventional The patient is concerned about his single rights. Fowler 36 y/o Conjunctive Faith The patient is cognizant of the truth and takes the enterprise to detect it.Physical ExaminationHeight: 5'5 Weight: 70 kilogram Volt BP: 130/90 mmHg RR: 26 cpm PR: 72 beats per minute Skin Light brown in colour Birthmark on upper part of arm Uniform temperature in custodies and pess Skin turgor & lt ; 2 secs No lentigos Nails Pink nail beds Integral tegument environing the nails Blanch trial or capillary refill & lt ; 4secs Head and Face Head is round in form Symmetric facial characteristics Symmetric facial motions No facial hair No tangible multitudes, lesions, cicatrixs Eyess Eyebrows symmetrical and equally distributed, equal motions Eyelashs equally distributed Eyelids are integral, no stains ; symmetrical motion Students are every bit circular and reactive to illume Ears Color same as facial tegument, symmetrical Pinna recoils after it is folded No discharge Nose External olfactory organ is symmetric, unvarying in colour, non tender, no lesions, no discharges Nasal septum integral Maxillary and frontal fistulas non tender Mouth and Pharynx Outer lips symmetric, unvarying in colour, can purse lips Inner lips are pink No losing dentition, pinkish gums Tongue is in the centre, pink in colour, moves freely Neck Muscles are equal, caput centered Can travel cervix with no uncomfortableness No tangible multitudes Spinal column Spine is straight, shoulders and hips are at same tallness Thorax/Lungs Skin intact, no tenderness, no tangible multitudes ( + ) wheezes Cardiovascular/Heart Jugular venas non seeable Symmetrical pulsing on peripheral pulsations Capillary refill trial: & lt ; 4secs Breast Symmetrical Abdomens Skin uniform in colour Symmetrical motions caused by respiration Audible intestine sounds No tenderness Extremities Uniform in colour, symmetric Symmetrical pulsing of peripheral pulsations Capillary refill: & lt ; 4 secs Genitalias REFUSED Rectum and Anus REFUSEDPersonal/Social HistoryHabits: He likes to read and travel to the promenade Frailties: Drinks on occasion Life style: Active Client ‘s usual twenty-four hours like: After acquiring off from work, he finds clip to rest and read a book. Rank in the household: 2nd kid Travel: Went to Bacolod for 10 yearss Educational Attainment: College Graduate III. Environmental History The client lives in a private subdivision in Malabon, Manila with his sister and her household. He describes their small town as quiet and peaceable. Few autos pass by their street. They segregate their refuse and maintain their milieus clean.IV. PathophysiologyA. Theoretical Based Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Predisposing Factor: – Age – Sexual activity -Immunodeficiency Precipitating Factor – Aedes aegypti mosquito Bite of a virus transporting mosquito Mosquito injects fluid into victim ‘s tegument Virus enters in the host ‘s blood watercourse Infects cells and replicate in sufficient sum Platelet will supply a shield for the virus from exposure and binding to neutralize preexistent antibody. Novices immune system response Stimulates release of cytokines Activation of memory T-cell response during re-exposure Macrophages or monocytes engulfed the virus holding a thrombocyte ( phagocytosis ) Virus-antibody composite Cytokines destroy cell membrane and cell wall Cytolysis Complement activation system Fluid switching ICF to ECF Coagulopathy ( PT, PTT ) Thrombocytopenia Vasculopathy ( plasma escape ) Vascular endothelian cell activation High Fever, organic structure failing, concern, sickness & A ; purging, abdominal hurting, petechial roseola in countries of the organic structure, bloody stool ( sometimes ) B. Client Based Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Non-modifiable Factors: – Age: 36 y/o – Sexual activity: Male Modifiable Factors: -Immunodeficiency Poor Environmental Sanitation Aedis Aegypti Mosquito bites Creates multiple lesions in the blood watercourse Increase phagocytic activity Virus multiply in blood stream After 2-3 yearss incubation, febrility appears Paracetamol given Excessive ingestion of thrombocytes Scheduled BT For replacing Hematologic studies reveal that patient has low home base count Dengue Titer Test Done( + )Which states that patient has grade 1 DHF with marks and symptoms manifestedV. Laboratory ResultsUrinalysis ( 7/14/10 )ExaminationConsequenceInterpretationColor Yellow Yellow in colour may bespeak concentration in urine Transparency Slightly Cloudy–pH 6.0 pH and specific gravitation is within normal bounds Specific Gravity 1.010 Glucose Negative–Protein++Transeunt lift due to infection Blood Negative–Ketone++More fats are being used for energy alternatively of glucose Nitrite Negative–Bilirubin Negative–Blood ( 7/14/10 )ExaminationNormal ValueConsequenceInterpretationHemoglobin 140-175 g/L 141 Normal Hematrocrit 0.42-0.50 0.44 Normal RBC Count 4.50-5.90 Ten 10^12/L 4.92 Normal WBC Count 4.00-1.050 Ten 10^9/L 4.40 Normal Basophil 0.00-0.01––Eisonophil 0.01-0.04––Pang 0.02-0.05 0.01 Normal Neutrophil 0.36-0.66 0.69 Normal Lymphocyte 0.24-0.44 0.16 The patient is compromised because of immunodeficiency. Monocyte 0.02-0.12 0.14 Normal Platelet Count 150.00-450.00X10^9/L 125 The patient ‘s thrombocyte count is below normal scope which means that there no equal coagulating map.Blood ( 7/19/10 )ExaminationNormal ValueConsequenceInterpretationHemoglobin 140-175 g/L 140 Normal Hematrocrit 0.42-0.50 0.43 Normal RBC Count 4.50-5.90 Ten 10^12/L 4.84 Normal WBC Count 4.00-1.050 Ten 10^9/L 7.37 Normal Basophil 0.00-0.01––Eisonophil 0.01-0.04 0.04 Normal Pang 0.02 0.02-0.05 Normal Neutrophil 0.36-0.66 0.53 Normal Lymphocyte 0.24-0.44 0.30 Normal Monocyte 0.02-0.12 0.11 Normal Platelet Count 150.00-450.00X10^9/L 215 NormalPotassium ( 7/17/10 )ExaminationNormal ValueConsequenceInterpretationPotassium 3.50-5.50mg/dL 3.7 NormalCurdling and Hemostasis ( 7/18/10 )ExaminationNormal ValueConsequenceInterpretationActivated Partial Thromboplastin- Patient 22.60-35.00 secs 32.6 Normal Activated Partial Thromboplastin- Control 22.60-35.00 secs 30.2 NormalUltrasound Result ( 7/17/10 )ExaminationConsequenceDoppler Scrotal/Testes The testicles are normal in size, echopatterns and constellation with no focal lesions noted. The right steps about 4.4 tens 2.6 s2.1 centimeter ( LWH ) . While the left steps about 4.0 tens 2.8 ten 2.1 centimeter ( LWH ) . No extratesticular mass lesion is noted. The epididumes are non unusual. Free fluid aggregation is seen within the left scrotal pouch. Impression: Left Hydrocoele. Normal Testiss and epididymes No grounds of varicocoeleVIII. List of Priority Problem1. Hyperthermia related to desiccation secondary to DHF phase 1 2. Deficient Fluid volume related to active fluid volume secondary bleeding 3. Activity Intolerance related to generalise failing secondary to DHF phase 1IX. Ongoing Appraisal7/14/10 – On DAT ( Diet as Tolerated ) with NDCF ( No Dark Colored Foods ) – Proctor VS q4, rigorous I & A ; O – Dx process: CBC, Platelet count, Potassium, Urinalysis – Dengue Titers – Master of educations: Aeknil 1 A IV q4 Nafarin 1 check TID Azithromycin 500 milligram OD 7/15/10 – Addition unwritten fluid intake – Dx process: Blood Typing ( Result: Bachelor of arts ) 7/16/10 – Facilitate station BT as ordered – Give antamin 1 amp 30 min prior to BT 7/17/10 – Warm compress over scrotal are TID 7/18/10 – WOF marks of shed blooding 7/19/10 – Cold compress 10 min BOD and displacement to warm compress 10 Command – Scrotal Support 7/20/10 – May travel placeTen. Discharge PlanMedicine: Celebrex 200 milligram 1 check 2x a twenty-four hours PRN for hurting Exercise: Avoid strenuous exercisings Treatment: Patient must take medicines for hurting as needed. Bed remainder. Increase unwritten fluid intake Health Education: Promote patient to hold a healthy life style. Practice good hygiene. Diet: Diet as tolerated. Eat balanced repasts daily, nutrients high in fibre.

Legal Rational Authority Essay

Rational-legal authority (also known as rational authority, legal authority, rational domination, legal domination, or bureaucratic authority) is a form of leadership in which the authority of an organization or a ruling regime is largely tied to legal rationality, legal legitimacy and bureaucracy. The majority of the modern states of the twentieth century are rational-legal authorities, according to those who use this form of classification Authority Types Traditional authority is legitimated by the sanctity of tradition. The ability and right to rule is passed down, often through heredity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational and inconsistent, and perpetuates the status quo. In fact, Weber states: â€Å"The creation of new law opposite traditional norms is deemed impossible in principle.† Traditional authority is typically embodied in feudalism or patrimonialism. In a purely patriarchal structure, â€Å"the servants are completely and personally dependent upon the lord†, while in an estate system (i.e. feudalism), â€Å"the servants are not personal servants of the lord but independent men† (Weber 1958, 4). But, in both cases the system of authority does not change or evolve. Charismatic authority is found in a leader whose mission and vision inspire others. It is based upon the perceived extraordinary characteristics of an individual. Weber saw a charismatic leader as the head of a new social movement, and one instilled with divine or supernatural powers, such as a religious prophet. Weber seemed to favor charismatic authority, and spent a good deal of time discussing it. In a study of charisma and religion, Riesebrodt argues that Weber also thought charisma played a strong – if not integral – role in traditional authority systems. Thus, Weber’s favor for charismatic authority was particularly strong, especially in focusing on what happened to it with the death or decliAne of a charismatic leader. Charismatic authority is â€Å"routinized† in a number of ways according to Weber: orders are traditionalized, the staff or followers change into legal or â€Å"estate-like† (traditional) staff, or the meaning of charisma itself may undergo change. Legal-rational authority is empowered by a formalistic belief in the content of the law (legal) or natural law (rationality). Obedience is not given to a  specific individual leader – whether traditional or charismatic – but a set of uniform principles. Weber thought the best example of legal-rational authority was a bureaucracy (political or economic). This form of authority is frequently found in the modern state, city governments, private and public corporations, and various voluntary associations. In fact, Weber stated that the â€Å"development of the modern state is identical indeed with that of modern officialdom and bureaucratic organizations just as the development of modern capitalism is identical with the increasing bureaucratization of economic enterprise. Inter-relationships Weber’s theory of authority is very rich and intricate. Weber and others have detailed many interesting relationships and processes occurring between the types. Blau’s â€Å"Critical Remarks on Weber’s Theory of Authority† explains two of these in particular, components that either strengthen or weaken an authority type in regards to another. The three authority types may be re-enforced by traits that differentiate them from other types. Traditional authority is impersonal (unlike charisma) and non-rational (unlike legal-rational). Charismatic authority is dynamic (unlike tradition) and non-rational (again, unlike legal-rational). Finally, legal-rational authority is dynamic (unlike tradition) and impersonal (unlike charisma). Conversely, Blau means to say that traditional is un-dynamic, charisma is personal, and legal-rational is rational. The likelihood of retaining a particular type of authority may depend on the ability of that authority system to retain the traits that make it unique and reject the traits that make it more conducive to another authority type. LEGAL-RATIONAL AUTHORITY IS RATIONAL In charismatic authority Weber considers charisma to be a driving and creative force which surges through traditional authority and established rules. The sole basis of charismatic authority is the recognition or acceptance of the claims of the leader by the followers. While it is irrational, in that it is not calculable or systematic, it can be revolutionary, breaking traditional rule and can even challenge legal authority. Weber notes that traditional authority is irrational. It blocks the development of rational or legal forms of authority or acts as a barrier to the development of more rational or legal forms of authority characteristic of western societies. traditional authority a means by which inequality is created and preserved. Where no challenge to the authority of the traditional leader or group is made, then the leader is likely to remain dominant. Legal-rational authority is a particular system containing humans, like e.g. organizations, there is some authority acting as a stabilizing factor making e.g. employees follow the directions of the leaders. Authority helps to prevent anarchy, and help to define a clear hierarchy of decision-making. A clear hierarchy will potentially lead to an effective organization, consisting of strong and legitimate authority relations between leaders and followers. This authority is only granted leaders if followers find his or her authority legitimate. This illustrates the fictitious believe that leaders automatically posses authority. Instead, leaders are given authority by their followers to e.g. inspire, control and command. If authority is to be seen legitimate, the relation between authority and followers must be balanced, so that the authority relation is accepted by the followers. Legal-Rational authority rests on the belief in the â€Å"legality† of formal rules and hierarchies, and in the right of those elevated in the hierarchy to posses authority and issue commands. This type of authority is often seen as legitimate in bureaucratic systems, which enables impersonal, specific and formal structures of modern companies. People will hence find this type of authority legitimate, if the authority is distributed to leaders based on e.g. rationality and capability. Particular authority types can lose their power to – and thus transition into – other types by some of the following ways. Revolutionary ideals can be advocated by a charismatic leader or the rational pursuit of ends via abstract formal principles can both weaken traditional authority. Revolutionary charismatic movements can be crystallized into a traditional order or bureaucratized into a rational formal organization. Finally, the irrational forces and powers of tradition In traditional authority, the  legitimacy of the authority comes from tradition. Charismatic authority is legitimized by the personality and leadership qualities of the ruling individual. Finally, rational-legal authority derives its powers from the system of bureaucracy and legality. Legal rationality and legitimacy Under rational-legal authority, legitimacy is seen as coming from a legal order and the laws that have been enacted in it. Weber defined legal order as a system where the rules are enacted and obeyed as legitimate because they are in line with other laws on how they can be enacted and how they should be obeyed. Further, they are enforced by a government that monopolizes their enactment and the legitimate use of physical force. The Legal Mode of Authority (Legitimate Domination) This is Weber’s typology of the modes of legitimate domination. The actors can ascribe legitimate validity to an order in a variety of ways. The order can be recognized as legitimate, first, by virtue of tradition, valid is that which has always been. Second, the order may be treated as legitimate by virtue of affectual,especially emotional, faith; this situation occurs especially in the case of the newly revealed or the exemplary. Third, the order may be treated as legitimate by virtue of value rational faith: valid is that which has been deduced as absolutely demanded. Fourth, legitimacy can be ascribed to an order by virtue of positive enactment of recognized legality. Such legality can be recognized as legitimate either because the enactment has been agreed upon by all those who are concerned; or by virtue of imposition by a domination of human beings over human beings which is treated as legitimate and meets with acquiescence. Orders based on tradition, affect, and value rationality can be reinforced by enacted law. Weber states from another source that what distinguishes legal rational authority, from charismatic authority and traditional authority on the one hand and leadership, persuasion and influence on the other hand, is legitimacy. Superiors feel that they have a right to issue commands; subordinates perceive an obligation to obey. Social scientist agree that authority is but one of several resources available to incumbents in formal positions For example, a Head of State is dependent upon a similar nesting  of authority. His legitimacy must be acknowledged, not just by citizens, but by those who control other valued resources: his immediate staff, his cabinet, military leaders and in the long run, the administration and political apparatus of the entire society. Emergence of the modern state Rational-legal authority is rational among the three types of authority in the sense that it brought about the Emergence of the modern state. Weber wrote that the modern state based on rational-legal authority emerged from the patrimonial and feudal struggle for power .The prerequisites for the modern Western state are: 1.monopolization by central authority of the means of administration and control based on a centralized and stable system of taxation and use of physical force 2.monopolization of legislative 3.organization of an officialdom, dependent upon the central authority Weber argued that some of those attributes have existed in various time or places, but together they existed only in Occidental civilization. The conditions that favored this were emergence of rational-legal rationality (various status groups in the Occident promoted that emergence) emergence of modern officialdom (bureaucracy), which required 1.development of the money economy, where officials are compensated in money instead of kind (usually land grants) 2.quantitative and qualitative expansion of administrative tasks 3.centralisation and increased efficiency of administration. Modern state According to Max Weber, a modern state exists where a political community has: * an administrative and legal order that has been created and can be changed by legislation that also determines its role * binding authority over citizens and actions in its jurisdiction * the right to legitimately use the physical force in its jurisdiction An important attribute of Weber’s definition of a modern state was that it is a bureaucracy. The vast majority of the modern states from the 20th century onward fall under the rational-legal authority category Bureaucracy. Bureaucracy is â€Å"the existence of a specialized administrative staff†.  According to Weber, beaucracy is a particular type of administrative structure developed through rational-legal authority. Weber noted that bureaucracy resolves some of the shortcomings of the traditional system. His view view of bureaucracy was a system of power where leaders exercise control over others — a system based on discipline. Weber stressed that the rational-legal form was the most stable of systems for both superiors and subordinates — it’s more reliable and clear, yet allows the subordinate more independence and discretion. Subordinates ideally can challenge the decisions of their leaders by referring to the stated rules — charisma becomes less important. As a result, bureaucratic systems can handle more complex operations than traditional system. RATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM Another source reveals that legal-rational authority brings about the development of a rational legal system, there is likely to be a political system which becomes rationalized in a similar way. Associated with this are constitutions, written documents, established offices, regularized modes of representation, regular elections and political procedures. These are developed in opposition to earlier systems such as monarchies or other traditional forms, where there are no well developed set of rules. As a political or legal system develops in this rational manner, authority takes on a legal form. Those who govern or rule either have, or appear to have, a legitimate legal right to do so. Those who are subordinate within this system accept the legality of the rulers, believing they have the legitimate right to exercise power. Those with power then exercise power based on this right of legitimacy. REFERENCES * Max Weber’s Sociology in the Genealogy of the Contemporary Mode of Western Legal Thought- Duncan Kennedy * Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia- Rational-legal authority * Ashley, David and David Michael Orenstein, Sociological Theory: Classical Statements, third edition, Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 1995. * Cohen, Ira J., â€Å"Theories of Action and Praxis,† in Bryan S. Turner, editor, The Blackwell Companion to Social Theory, Oxford, Blackwell, 1996.. * Hadden, Richard W., Sociological Theory: An Introduction to the Classical Tradition, Peterborough, Broadview Press, 1997. * Ritzer, George, Sociological Theory, third edition, New York, McGraw-Hill.. * Blau, P. M. (1963). â€Å"Critical remarks on Weber’s theory of authority†. The American Political Science Review, * Crass, C. (2003). Collective liberation on my mind. Montrà ©al: Kersplebedeb. * Max Weber-Traditional, Rational –Legal and Charismatic Authority –By Dana Williams